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Foundations

	Foundations of Earth Science: The top 100 publications
"If we don't know where we came from, we don't know where we're going."

	Lyell, C., Principles of Geology, 1st vol., 1st edition, 1830; 2nd vol. 1st edition, 1832; 3rd vol. 1st edition, 1833.
Darwin, C., On certain areas of elevation and subsidence in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, as deduced from the study of coral formations, J. Geol. Soc. London, 2, 552-554, 1837.
	Darwin, C., The structure and distribution of coral reefs, Appleton, New York, 344 pp., 1842.
Dana, J.D., Geology, in: Wilkes, C. (ed.), United States Exploring Expedition, 10, with atlas, Sherman, C., Philadelphia, PA., New York, Putnam, 756 pp., 1849.
	Airy, G.B., On the computation of the effect of the attraction of mountain-masses, as disturbing the apparent astronomical latitude of stations in geodetic surveys, Phil. Trans. R. Soc., 145, 101-104, 1855.
	Pratt, J.H., On the attraction of the Himalaya mountains, and of the elevated regions beyond them, upon the plumb-line in India, Phil. Trans. R. Soc., 145, 53-100, 1855.
	Darwin, C.R., On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life, John Murray, London, 1st ed., 1859.
	Darwin, C. R., The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex, John Murray, London, 1st edition, 1871.
	Gilbert, G.K., A theory of the earthquakes of the Great Basin, with a practical application, Am. J. Sci., 27, 49-53, 1883.
	Hutton, J., Theory of the Earth; with Proofs and Illustrations, Edinburgh, William Creech, 2 vols., 1795, vol III, Edited by Sir Archibald Geikie, Geological Society, Burlington: House, London, 1899.
	Mohorovicic, A., Das Beben vom, 8.x.1909. Jb. met. Obs. Zagreb (Agram.), 9, 1-63, 1909.
	Bowen, N.L., The reaction principle in petrogenesis, J. Geology, 30, 177-198, 1922. Click here for comment.
Bowen, N. L., The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, 334 pp., 1928.
	Holmes, A., Radioactivity and continental drift, Geol. Mag., 65, 236-238, 1928.
	Holmes, A., A review of the continental drift hypothesis, Mining Magazine, 40, 205-209, 1929.
	Wegener, A., Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane, Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig, 254 pp, 1929.
Holmes A., Radioactivity and earth movements, Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, 18, 559-606, 1931.
Wager, L.R., and Deer, W.A., The petrology of the Skaergaard intrusion, Kangerdlugssuaq, East Grenland, Medd. Gronland, 105, no. 4, 1-352, 1939.
	Milankovitch, M., Kanon der Erdbestrahlungen und seine Anwendung auf das Eiszeitenproblem, published in Belgrade: Zavod za Udzbenike i Nastavna Sredstva, 1941. New English Translation, 1998: Milankovitch, M., Canon of Insolation and the Ice Age Problem. With introduction and biographical essay by Nikola Pantic, Alven Global, 636 pp., ISBN 86-17-06619-9.
	Bullen, K.E., An introduction to the theory of seismology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1947.
	Birch, F., Elasticity and constitution of the Earth's interior, J. Geophys. Res., 57, 227-286, 1952.
Haskell, N.A., The dispersion of surface waves in multilayered media, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 43, 17-34, 1953.
Sato, Y., Analysis of dispersed surface waves, Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst. Univ. Tokyo, 33, 33-48, 1955.
Wetherill, G.W., Discordant uranium-lead ages I, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 37, 320-326, 1956. Click here for comment.
	Patterson, C.C., Age of meteorites and the Earth, Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 10, 230-237, 1956. Click here for comment.
Tuttle, O.F., and N.L. Bowen, Origin of granite in the light of experimental studies in the system NaAlSi₃O₈-KAlSi₃O8-SiO₂-H₂0, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem., 74, 151 pp., 1958.
	Sato, Y., Attenuation, dispersion and the waveguide of the G wave, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 48, 231-251, 1958.
	Sato, Y., Numerical integration of the equation of motion for surface waves in a medium with arbitrary variation of material constants, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 49, 57-77, 1959.
	Von Herzen, R., Heat-flow values from the south-eastern Pacific, Nature, 183, 882-883, 1959. Click here for comment.
	Sato, Y., Synthesis of dispersed surface waves by means of Fourier transform, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 50, 417-426, 1960.
	Cox, A. and Doell, R.R., Review of paleomagnetism, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 71, 645-768, 1960.
	Hess, H.H., A history of Ocean Basins: in Engel, A.E.J., James, H.L., and Leonard, B.F., eds., Petrologic Studies: A Volume in Honor of A.F. Buddington: Boulder, CO, Geological Society of America, p. 599-620, 1962.
	Wilson, J.T., A possible origin of the Hawaiian Islands, Can. J. Phys., 41, 863-870, 1963.
	Vine, F.J. & D.H. Matthews, Magnetic anomalies over oceanic ridges, Nature, 201, 591-592, 1963.
	Morley, L.W. and A. Larochelle, 1964, Paleomagnetism as a means of dating geological events, in F. F. Osborne, ed., Geochronology in Canada, Royal Soc. Canada Spec. Pub., 8, 39-51, University of Toronto Press. Click here for comment.
	Bullard, E.C., J.E. Everett, and A.G. Smith, The fit of the continents around the Atlantic: a symposium on continental drift, Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London, Ser. A, 258, 41-51, 1965.
	Wilson, J.T., A new class of faults and their bearing on continental drift, Nature, 207, 343-347, 1965.
	Vine, F.J. and Wilson, J.T., Magnetic anomalies over a young oceanic ridge off Vancouver Island, Science, 150, 485, 1965.
	Merrihue, C. and Turner, G., Potassium-argon dating by activation with fast neutrons. J. Geophys. Res., 71, 2852-2857, 1966. Click here for comment.
	Sykes, L.R., Mechanism of Earthquakes and Nature of Faulting on the Mid-Oceanic Ridges, J. Geophys. Res., 72, 2131–2153, 1967.
	Ringwood A.E., and Major A., High-pressure reconnaissance investigations in the system Mg₂SiO₄-MgO-H₂O, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 2, 130-133, 1967.
	Anderson, D.L., Phase changes in the upper mantle, Science, 157, 1165-1166 & 1171-1173, 1967.
	Morgan, W.J., Rises, trenches, great faults and crustal blocks, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 1959-1982, 1968?
	Spetzler, H.A.W. and D.L. Anderson, The effect of temperature and partial melting on velocity and attenuation in a simple binary system, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 6051-6060, 1968.
	Isacks, B., Oliver, J. and Sykes, L.R., Seismology and the New Global Tectonics, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 5855–5899, 1968.
	Le Pichon, X., Sea floor spreading and continental drift, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 3661–3697, 1968.
	Anderson, D.L., and C.G. Sammis, The low velocity zone: Geofisica Internac., 9, 3-19, 1969.
	York, D., Least squares fitting of a straight line with correlated errors, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 5, 320-324, 1969. Click here for comment.
	Lambert, I.B. and P.J. Wyllie, Low-velocity zone of the Earth's mantle: Incipient melting caused by water, Science, 169, 764-766, 1970.
	Anderson, D.L., Petrology of the mantle, Min. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap., 3, 85-93, 1970.
	Fyfe W.S., Lattice energies, phase transformations and volatiles in the mantle, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 3, 196-200, 1970.
	Morgan, W.J., Convection plumes in the lower mantle, Nature, 230, 42-43, 1971.
	Morgan, W.J., Deep mantle convection plumes and plate motions, Bull. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol., 56, 203-213, 1972.
	Julian, B.R. and M.K. Sengupta, Seismic travel time evidence for lateral inhomogeneity in the deep mantle: Nature, 242, 443-447, 1973.
	Molnar, P. and T. Atwater, Relative motion of hot spots in the mantle, Nature, 246, 288-291, 1973.
	Richter, F.M., Dynamical models for sea floor spreading, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 11, 223–287, 1973.
	Shaw, H.R., and E.D. Jackson, Linear island chains in the Pacific: Result of thermal plumes or gravitational anchors?, J. geophys. Res., 78, 8634-8652, 1973.
“...dubious mantle plume...”	O'Hara, M.J., Non-primary magmas and dubious mantle plume beneath Iceland, Nature, 243, 507-508, 1973.
*“... it would be most* helpful if someone would explain...”**	Tozer, D.C., Thermal plumes in the Earth's mantle, Nature, 244, 398-400, 1973.
	Kanamori, H., and D.L. Anderson, Theoretical basis of some empirical relations in seismology, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 65, 1073-1095, 1975.
	Jackson, E.D., and H.R. Shaw, Stress fields in central portions of the Pacific plate: delineated in time by linear volcanic chains, J. geophys. Res., 80, 1861-1874, 1975.
“This explanation ... does suggest that the strength of the plates strongly affects the distribution of volcanoes.”	Excerpt from: McKenzie, D.P. & N. Weiss, Speculations on the thermal and tectonic history of the Earth, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., 42, 131-174, 1975.
	Stuiver, M., Radiocarbon timescale tested against magnetic and other dating methods, Nature, 273, 271-273, 1976. Click here for comment.
	Hays, J.D., Imbrie, J., Shackleton, N.J., Variations in the Earth's orbit: Pacemaker of the ice ages, Science, 194, 1121-1132, 1976.
	Vogt, P.R., Plumes, sub-axial pipe flow, and topography along mid-oceanic ridges, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 29, 309-325, 1976.
	Holden, J.C. & P.R. Vogt, Graphic solutions to problems of plumacy, EOS Trans. AGU, 58, 573-580, 1977. “Our extrapolations from these data show that there will be 1,000,000 hot spots by the year 2000. We hope someone proves that hot spots do not exist before it is too late.”
	Rona, P.A. & E.S. Richardson, Early Cenozoic global plate reorganization, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 40, 1-11, 1978. "… the E-W length of N-S converging continent-continent collisional plate boundaries increased from 2,500 to 28,000 km during the interval 55-40 Ma … increase in length of collisional boundaries produced resistance to continued N-S convergence and forced reorientation of plate motions."
	Cox, K.G., Flood basalts, subduction and the break-up of Gondwanaland, Nature, 274, 47-49, 1978.
	Alvarez, L.W., W. Alvarez, F. Asaro, and H.V. Michel, Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction, Science, 208, 1095-1108, 1980.
	Smit, J. and Hertogen, J., An extraterrestrial event at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, Nature, 285, 198-200, 1980.
	Suess, H., The radiocarbon record in tree rings of the last 8000 years, Radiocarbon, 22, 200-209, 1980.
	Cox, K.G., A model for flood basalt volcanism. J. Pet., 21, 629-650, 1980. Click here for comment.
	Anderson, D.L., Hotspots, basalts and the evolution of the mantle, Science, 213, 82-89, 1981.
	Glen, W., The Road to Jaramillo: Critical Years of the Revolution in Earth Science, Stanford University Press, pp. 459, ISBN:0804711194, 1982.
	Halls, H.C., The importance and potential of mafic dyke swarms in studies of geodynamic processes, Geoscience Canada, 9, 145-154, 1982. Click here for comment.
	Kaula, W.M., Minimal Upper Mantle Temperature Variations Consistent With Observed Heat Flow and Plate Velocities, J. geophys. Res., 88, 10,323-10,332, 1983.
	Sleep, N.H., Tapping of magmas from ubiquitous mantle heterogeneities: an alternative to mantle plumes?, J. geophys. Res., 89, 10,029-10,041, 1984.
	Peccerillo, A., Roman comagmatic province (central Italy): Evidence for subduction-related magma genesis, Geology, 13, 103-106, 1985.
	Press, W.H., B.P. Flannery, S.A. Teukolsky, and W.T. Vetterling,, Numerical Recipes: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 818, 1986. Click here for comment.
	Zindler, A. and S. Hart, Chemical geodynamics, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 14, 493-571, 1986.
	Haq, B.U., J. Hardenbol and P.R. Vail,Chronology of Fluctuating Sea Levels Since the Triassic, Science, 235, 1156-1167, 1987.
	McKenzie, D., and J. Bickle, The volume and composition of melt generated by extension of the lithosphere, J. Pet., 29, 625-679, 1988.
	White, R. S. & D. P. McKenzie, Magmatism at rift zones: The generation of volcanic continental margins and flood basalts. J. geophys. Res., 94, 7685-7729, 1989.
	Griffiths, R.W., and I.H. Campbell, Stirring and structure in mantle plumes, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 99, 66-78, 1990.
	Campbell, I.H., and R.W. Griffiths, Implications of mantle plume structure for the evolution of flood basalts, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 99, 79-93, 1990.
	Sleep, N.H., Hotspots and mantle plumes: Some phenomenology, J. geophys. Res., 95, 6715-6736, 1990.
	Armstrong, R.L.. The Persistent Myth of Continental Growth, Austr. J. Earth Sci., 38, 613-630, 1991.
	Black, R. & J.-P. Liegeois, Cratons, mobile belts, alkaline rocks and continental lithospheric mantle: the Pan-African testimony, J. Geol. Soc., London, 150, 89-98, 1993.
	Bina, C., and G. Helffrich, Phase transition Clapeyron slopes and transition zone seismic discontinuity topography, J. geophys. Res., 99, 15,853-15,860, 1994.
	Renne, P.R., Sharp, W.D., Deino, A.L., Orsi, G. and Civetta, L., ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating into the historical realm: Calibration against Pliny the Younger, Science, 277, 1279-1280, 1997. Click here for comment.
	Hofmann, A.W., Mantle geochemistry: the message from oceanic volcanism, Nature, 385, 219-229, 1997.
	Czamanske, G.K., Gurevich, A.B., Fedorenko, V., and Simonov, O., Demise of the Siberian plume: Paleogeographic and paleotectonic reconstruction from the prevolcanic and volcanic records, North-Central Siberia, International Geology Review, 40, 95–115, 1998. Click here for comment.
	Smith, A.D., and C. Lewis, The planet beyond the plume hypothesis, Earth-Science Reviews, 48, 135-182, 1999.
	Oreskes, N., The Rejection of Continental Drift: Theory and Method in American Earth Science, pp. 432, ISBN13: 978-0-19-511733-2, ISBN10: 0-19-511733-6, 1999. Click here for comment.
	Sidorin I., Gurnis M., Helmberger D.V., Evidence for a ubiquitous seismic discontinuity at the base of the mantle, Science, 286, 1326-1331, 1999.
	Zachos, J., M. Pagani, L. Sloan, E. Thomas and K. Billups, Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to Present, Science, 292, 686-693, 2001.
	Trümpy, R., Why plate tectonics was not invented in the Alps, Int. J. Earth Science, 90, 477-483, doi: 10.1007/s005310000175, 2001. Click here for comment.
	Niu, Y. & M.J. O'Hara, 2002, Global correlations of ocean ridge basalt chemistry with axial depth: a new perspective, J. Pet., 49, 633-664, 2002.
	Tarduno, J.A., R.A. Duncan, D.W. Scholl, R.D. Cottrell, B. Steinberger, T. Thordarson, B.C. Kerr, C.R. Neal, F.A. Frey, M. Torii, C. Carvallo, The Emperor seamounts: Southward motion of the Hawaiian hotspot plume in Earth’s mantle, Science, 301, 1064-1069, 2003.
	Murakami, M., K. Hirose, K. Kawamura, N. Sata, and Y. Ohishi, Post-Perovskite Phase Transition in MgSiO₃, Science, 304, 855-858, 2004. Oganov, A.R. and S. Ono, Theoretical and experimental evidence for a post-perovskite phase of MgSiO₃ in Earth's D" layer, Nature, 430, 445-448, 2004. Click here for comment.
	Green, H.W., Psychology of a Changing Paradigm: 40+ Years of High-Pressure Metamorphism, International Geology Review, 47, 439–456, 2005. Click here for comment.
Niu, Y.L. & M.J. O'Hara, Global correlations of ocean ridge basalt chemistry with axial depth: A new perspective, J. Pet., 49, 633-664, 2008. Presnall, D.C., & and Gudmundur H. Gudfinnsson, Origin of the Oceanic Lithosphere, J. Pet., 49, 615-632, 2008.